一项研究表明,与女性相比,男性能够从包括吗啡在内的镇痛剂中获得更多的好处。利用小鼠进行的新的研究暗示了一种可能的解释:在一个与疼痛处理有关的大脑区域中,雄鼠具有更多的药物受体。尽管这套机制在人体中是否适用尚不得而知,但是研究人员相信,这项研究为探索镇痛剂性别效应的更多研究画出了一条底线。
新研究使用小鼠作为模式动物的部分原因,是它们在吗啡的敏感性上表现出了明显的性别差异,领导这项研究的美国亚特兰大市佐治亚州立大学的神经科学家Anne Murphy这样解释。Murphy说,例如,在一个标准的实验室测试中,雄鼠和雌鼠在8或9秒钟内都会从一个热探测器上缩回爪子。然而在注射了一针吗啡后,雌鼠顶多能再多忍受1到2秒钟,而雄鼠居然可以让爪子在热探测器上呆上20秒钟。
在12月24日出版的《神经科学杂志》上,Murphy和同事报告说,雄鼠中脑导水管周围灰质——之前的试验表明该大脑区域可能是像吗啡这样的鸦片类药物的作用位点——的一部分具有更高密度的μ-鸦片受体。对于雄鼠来说,直接向该区域注射吗啡能产生强烈的止痛作用,但是在雌鼠中却没有观察到这种效应。当研究人员通过注射一种捆绑在类似于吗啡的化合物上的毒素杀死具有μ-鸦片受体的神经细胞后,吗啡便在雄鼠体内失去了止痛作用,但这些镇痛剂对雌鼠依然好使。Murphy指出,总而言之,这些发现表明,中脑导水管周围灰质中的μ-鸦片受体差异能够解释小鼠对吗啡敏感性的性别差异。
Murphy说,有朝一日,对背后的神经生物学机制的进一步了解将有助于研制出针对女性的更为有效的止痛药。他强调,人体研究已经表明,吗啡在女性中止痛作用较小,并且副作用更大。
纽约城市大学的神经科学家Richard Bodnar表示:“这一发现是一大突破,它找到了鸦片在动物止痛中存在性别差异的可行的作用机理。”其他研究人员之前曾怀疑,鸦片受体的数量及功能在与疼痛有关的大脑区域中存在性别差异,普尔曼市华盛顿州立大学的神经科学家Rebecca Craft指出,“这项工作首次决定性地证明了这种差异”。
新的发现能否解释人体中的鸦片敏感性差异呢?Craft认为:“它们的原理可能是类似的,但现在就说人类与动物在这一领域的联系是多么多么紧密为时尚早。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
The Journal of Neuroscience,doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4123-08.2008,Dayna R. Loyd,Anne Z. Murphy
Sex Differences in μ-Opioid Receptor expression in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Are Essential for Eliciting Sex Differences in Morphine Analgesia
Dayna R. Loyd, Xioaya Wang, and Anne Z. Murphy
Neuroscience Institute, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010
Opioid-based narcotics are the most widely prescribed therapeutic agent for the alleviation of persistent pain; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that morphine is significantly less potent in women compared with men. Morphine primarily binds to μ-opioid receptors (MORs), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) contains a dense population of MOR-expressing neurons. Via its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the PAG is considered an essential neural substrate for opioid-based analgesia. We hypothesized that MOR expression in the PAG was sexually dimorphic, and that these sex differences contribute to the observed sex differences in morphine potency. Using immunohistochemistry, we report that males had a significantly higher expression of MOR in the ventrolateral PAG compared with cycling females, whereas the lowest level of expression was observed in proestrus females. CFA-induced inflammatory pain produced thermal hyperalgesia in both males and females that was significantly reversed in males with a microinjection of morphine into the ventrolateral PAG; this effect was significantly greater than that observed in proestrus and estrus females. Selective lesions of MOR-expressing neurons in the ventrolateral PAG resulted in a significant reduction in the effects of systemic morphine in males only, and this reduction was positively correlated with the level of MOR expression in the ventrolateral PAG. Together, these results provide a mechanism for sex differences in morphine potency.